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Contents - Electronics Tutorials |
AS topics are not colour coded.
A2 advanced topics are colour coded like this.
Interesting extras are colour coded like this.
Formulas :: Test Equipment |
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AS |
A2 |
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Basic Maths and SI Unit Prefixes 1 - Basic Electricity Conductors, Insulators, Resistors and Semiconductors Work Sheet on Basic Electricity >>>> First Simple Circuit Unit 1 ELEC1 - Introductory Electronics Simple Systems output (transducers / actuators)
System Diagrams
Complex Systems
Signals 3 - Voltage, Current, Resistance and Power Voltage (V) Volt - Zero volt point / ground / earth
Current (I)
Resistors and Resistance (R)
Resistance Calculations Voltage Divider - Voltage Divider Lab
Resistor Identification and Values
Power (P)
Power Calculations Types
Calculations Zener voltage regulator series resistor Series resistor power dissipation
Characteristics I – V characteristics for silicon diodes I – V characteristics for Zener diodes
Data Sheets Use select silicon and Zener diodes from data sheets Rectifier and Power Supply Circuits
More 5 - Resistive input transducers Types switches - COM, NO and NC notation Thermistors (negative temperature coefficient)
Characteristics interpret characteristic curves (linear and logarithmic)
Calculations Bipolar Multivibrator (Not on AQA Spec) MOSFET n-channel (enhancement mode) MOSFET compare MOSFET with junction transistors Types
Inductive device safety diode to prevent back EMF with inductive devices 8 - Operational amplifiers (op-amps) Characteristics
Inputs
Supply and Output Voltages
Op-amp comparator circuit 9 - Logic gates and Boolean algebra Types of Gate NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and EX-OR
Truth Tables combine gates to form other logic functions
Boolean expressions simplify a system using Boolean algebra
Combinational Logic design and simplifiy systems design systems from a truth table design systems from a written description design systems from a Boolean expression
Karnaugh maps simplify a system using Karnaugh maps
Gate Arrays gate arrays - Build Gates from NAND convert mixed gates into NOR gates only convert mixed gates into NAND gates only Unit 2 ELEC2 - Further Electronics store energy as electrical charge allow alternating current to flow
Capacitor Calculations
Characteristics Time Constant for a charging capacitor, V = 0.63Vs for a discharging capacitor, V = 0.37Vs after 5RC for a charging capacitor, V ≈ Vs after 5RC for a discharging capacitor, V ≈ 0 Voltage against Time Graphs 555 Timer Chip
555 Timer Monostable one stable output state and one unstable output state calculate time period using T = 1.1RC
555 Timer Astable no stable output states - continually changes calculate tL, the time the output is low calculate tH, the time the output is high calculate the output frequency 13 - Sequential logic subsystems Bistable Latch circuit diagram based on NAND gates
Rising edge triggered D-type flip-flops symbol, operation and function
Shift Register Frequency Divider feedback to make a D-type flip-flop divide by 2
Counters 4-bit up counter based on D-type flip-flops 4-bit down counter based on D-type flip-flops draw timing diagrams
Modulo-N counters 4-bit modulo-N counters based on D-type flip-flops Task: 555 astable and 7493 four bit Counter
convert a 4-bit binary number to decimal notation convert a 4-bit binary number to hexadecimal notation using a BCD decoder with a seven segment display using a hexadecimal decoder with a seven seg' display Properties Operational Amplifier Properties
Inverting amplifier gain = Vout / Vin = - Rf / Rin the inverting input is the virtual earth
summing amplifier Vout = - Rf (V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3) the inverting input is the virtual earth
difference amplifier
non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower
More
More non-AQA Items 16 - Power amplifier subsystems Power Gain
Bandwidth
MOSFET Source Followers
Power Dissipation estimate the power dissipated in a source follower
Heat Sinks
push-pull amplifier saturation/clipping distortion |
Unit 4 ELEC4 - Programmable Control Systems
Feedback positive and negative, examples, characteristics Hardwired and software controlled
Control system architecture input/output ports bus structure (Von Neumann or Harvard)
Single chip microcontroller architecture (Harvard) implications of the use of microcontrollers analyse a process into a sequence of fundamental operations
Flow Charts convert a sequence of operations into a flow chart interpret flow charts convert flow charts into a generic microcontroller program
Assembler language assembler language microcontroller instructions NOP, CALL, RET, INC, DEC, ADDW, ANDW, SUBW, ORW, XORW, JMP, MOVWR, MOVW
Write subroutines configure the input and output pins TRISx registers write data to an output device give a specified sequence of control signals perform simple arithmetic and logic operations detect events using polling and hardware interrupts
Hardware interrupts and polling describe and compare: Interrupts :: Polling
Interpret programs written with a limited range of assembler
instructions PICAXE Pages + AQA Instruction Set 23 Input Subsystems - Analogue to Digital Converters (ADC) 8 bit Digital Ramp ADC Block diagram, operation, uses, limitations
Flash ADC circuit, operation, calculate component values compare flash ADCs with digital ramp ADCs
Motion detection reflective and slotted optical switches uses operation
Slotted Disk Shaft encoder simple example more complex examples
Binary Coded Shaft Encoder
Gray coded shaft encoder explain how this improves on a binary coded encoder 8-bit Digital to Analogue Converter, DAC circuit based on a summing amplifier operation, uses, component values, output voltage
Multiplexed seven segment displays (LCD and LED) uses, operation
Multiplexed dot matrix displays uses, operation
Stepper motors types, uses, operation, compare conventional motors and stepper motors Tri-state buffers describe the use of tri-state buffers more
Data latches describe the use of data latches data latches constructed from D-type flip-flops
Inverting Schmitt triggers operation calculate the switching levels regenerating a noisy input signal
Display Multiplexing (LCD and LED) circuits needed to drive multiplexed displays
H-bridge driver H-Bridge Circuit - Push Pull Circuit
Motor Driver Circuits Components
Power sources
Control Algorithms design control algorithms to achieve a given objective
Artificial Neural Networks artificially intelligent robotic behaviour
Applications applications social and economic impact possible future developments Unit 5 ELEC5 - Communication Systems General principles transfer of meaningful information
Generalised Communications System operation input transducer, carrier generator, modulator/encoder, transmitter, transmission link (medium), receiver, demodulator/decoder, output transducer
28 Signals and Transmission Media
bandwidth and the capacity to carry information multiplex a number of signals onto one transmission medium frequency division multiplexing
30 Noise, Distortion and Crosstalk calculate signal-to-noise ratio (in dB)
Capacitative Reactance calculate using Xc = 1 / ( 2 π f C )
Low Pass RC Passive Filter calculate breakpoint frequency
High Pass RC Passive Filter calculate breakpoint frequency
First Order Active Filters based on an inverting op-amp treble cut, treble boost, bass cut and bass boost calculate the breakpoint frequency calculate component values for a given breakpoint frequency
32 Audio power IC amplifiers (LM386, LM380, Etc) describe uses
carrier wave types of carriers Signals amplitude frequency encoding on the carrier
frequency spectrum (sine wave) frequency spectrum (range of frequencies)
AM AM is used on the LF and MF bands Channel allocation within LF and MF broadcasting FM FM is used for broadcasting in the 88 - 108 MHz VHF band relationship between channel spacing and signal bandwidth Simple radio aerial, tuned circuit, detector/demodulator, earphone
antenna impedance matching - MORE
voltage and current in a parallel LC circuit near resonance resonance curve for a parallel LC circuit LC network for tuning / selecting a particular frequency Q / quality factor and selectivity resonant frequency formula - calculate values for L and C
Sensitivity
41 Supersonic Heterodyne Receiver IF amplifier and Filter advantages and disadvantages compared with a a simple receiver
Analogue and Digital compare analogue and digital communication
Digital Pulse Modulation pulse modulation techniques and subsystems pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) pulse width modulation (PWM) Circuit pulse position modulation (PPM) pulse code modulation (PCM)
Sampling sampling, rate, resolution, bit rate
Duplex
merits of serial and parallel data transmission
44 Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission synchronous and asynchronous transmission calculate bit and baud rate serial / parallel conversions and shift registers shift register timing diagrams
2 to 1 and 4 to 1 multiplexers Regenerator Schmitt trigger to regenerate a digital signal qualitatively
Mobile Phones Optical Fibres Optical Transducers |
