AS topics are not colour coded.
A2 advanced topics are colour coded like this.
Interesting extras are colour coded like this.
Definitions :: Components :: Circuits :: Formulas :: Test Equipment |
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AS |
A2 |
Induction Basic Electricity Conductors, Insulators, Resistors and Semiconductors Work Sheet on Basic Electricity
Maths for Electronics Unit 1 ELEC1 - Introductory Electronics System synthesis Simple Systems output (transducers / actuators) System Diagrams
Complex Systems
Signals Voltage, Current, Resistance and Power Voltage (V) Volt - Zero volt point / ground / earth
Current (I)
Resistance (R)
Resistance Calculations
Resistor Identification and Values
Power (P)
Power Calculations Diodes Types
Calculations Zener voltage regulator series resistor Series resistor power dissipation
Characteristics I – V characteristics for silicon diodes I – V characteristics for Zener diodes
Data Sheets Use select silicon and Zener diodes from data sheets Rectifier and Power Supply Circuits Resistive input transducers Types switches - COM, NO and NC notation Thermistors (negative temperature coefficient)
Characteristics interpret characteristic curves (linear and logarithmic)
Calculations Transistors and MOSFETs Bipolar MOSFET n-channel (enhancement mode) MOSFET compare MOSFET with junction transistors Output Devices Types
Inductive device safety diode to prevent back EMF with inductive devices Operational amplifiers (op-amps) Characteristics
Inputs
Supply and Output Voltages
Op-amp comparator circuit Logic gates and Boolean algebra Types of Gate NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and EX-OR
Truth Tables combine gates to form other logic functions
Boolean expressions simplify a system using Boolean algebra
Combinational Logic design and simplifiy systems design systems from a truth table design systems from a written description design systems from a Boolean expression
Karnaugh maps simplify a system using Karnaugh maps
Gate Arrays convert mixed gates into NOR gates only convert mixed gates into NAND gates only Unit 2 ELEC2 - Further Electronics Capacitors store energy as electrical charge allow alternating current to flow
Capacitor Calculations
Characteristics DC RC networks Time Constant for a charging capacitor, V = 0.63Vs for a discharging capacitor, V = 0.37Vs after 5RC for a charging capacitor, V ≈ Vs after 5RC for a discharging capacitor, V ≈ 0 Voltage against Time Graphs Timing subsystems 555 Timer Chip
555 Timer Monostable one stable output state and one unstable output state calculate time period using T = 1.1RC
555 Timer Astable no stable output states - continually changes calculate tL, the time the output is low calculate tH, the time the output is high calculate the output frequency Sequential logic subsystems Bistable Latch circuit diagram based on NAND gates
Rising edge triggered D-type flip-flops symbol, operation and function
Shift Register Counter subsystems Frequency Divider feedback to make a D-type flip-flop divide by 2
Counters 4-bit up counter based on D-type flip-flops 4-bit down counter based on D-type flip-flops draw timing diagrams
Modulo-N counters 4-bit modulo-N counters based on D-type flip-flops
convert a 4-bit binary number to decimal notation convert a 4-bit binary number to hexadecimal notation using a BCD decoder with a seven segment display using a hexadecimal decoder with a seven seg' display Amplifier subsystems Properties Operational Amplifier Properties
Inverting amplifier gain = Vout / Vin = - Rf / Rin the inverting input is the virtual earth
summing amplifier Vout = - Rf (V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3) the inverting input is the virtual earth
difference amplifier
non-inverting amplifier
Voltage Follower Power amplifier subsystems Power Gain
Bandwidth
MOSFET Source Followers
Power Dissipation estimate the power dissipated in a source follower
Heat Sinks
push-pull amplifier saturation/clipping distortion |
Unit 4 ELEC4 - Programmable Control Systems Control Systems
Feedback positive and negative, examples, characteristics Microprocessor subsystems Hardwired and software controlled
Control system architecture microprocessor clock memory (ROM and RAM) input/output ports bus structure (Von Neumann)
Single chip microcontroller architecture (Harvard) social and economic benefits implications of the use of microcontrollers Programming analyse a process into a sequence of fundamental operations
Flow Charts convert a sequence of operations into a flow chart interpret flow charts convert flow charts into a generic microcontroller program
Assembler language assembler language microcontroller instructions NOP, CALL, RET, INC, DEC, ADDW, ANDW, SUBW, ORW, XORW, JMP, MOVWR, MOVW
Write subroutines configure the input and output pins read data from a sensor write data to an output device give a specified sequence of control signals perform simple arithmetic and logic operations detect events using polling and hardware interrupts
Hardware interrupts and polling describe and compare: Interrupts :: Polling
Interpret programs written with a limited range of assembler instructions Input Subsystems - Analogue to Digital Converters (ADC) 8 bit Digital Ramp ADC Block diagram explain operation describe uses limitations
Flash ADC circuit operation calculate component values compare flash ADCs with digital ramp ADCs
Motion detection reflective and slotted optical switches uses operation
Slotted Disk Shaft encoder describe uses operation
Binary Coded Shaft Encoder describe uses operation
Gray coded shaft encoder explain how this improves on a binary coded encoder Output subsystems 8-bit Digital to Analogue Converter, DAC circuit based on a summing amplifier explain operation uses calculate component values calculate the output voltage
Multiplexed seven segment displays (LCD and LED) uses operation
Multiplexed dot matrix displays uses operation
Stepper motors describe types uses operation compare conventional motors and stepper motors Interfacing subsystems Tri-state buffers describe the use of tri-state buffers
Data latches describe the use of data latches data latches constructed from D-type flip-flops
Inverting Schmitt triggers circuit operation calculate the switching levels regenerating a noisy input signal
Display Multiplexing (LCD and LED) circuits needed to drive multiplexed displays
H-bridge driver circuit use operation
Motor Driver Circuits conventional motors stepper motors Robotic systems Components sensors actuators control architectures
Power sources Compare power sources
Control Algorithms design control algorithms to achieve a given objective
Artificial Neural Networks artificially intelligent robotic behaviour
Applications applications social and economic impact possible future developments Unit 5 ELEC5 - Communication Systems Communication General principles transfer of meaningful information
Generalised Communications System block diagram operation input transducer, carrier generator, modulator/encoder, transmitter, transmission link (medium), receiver, demodulator/decoder, output transducer
Signals and Transmission Media electromagnetic signals
Bandwidth and Multiplexing bandwidth and the capacity to carry information multiplex a number of signals onto one transmission medium frequency division multiplexing time division multiplexing
Noise, Distortion and Crosstalk noise distortion crosstalk calculate signal-to-noise ratio (in dB)
Audio systems Capacitative Reactance calculate using Xc = 1 / ( 2 π f C )
Low Pass RC Passive Filter calculate breakpoint frequency
High Pass RC Passive Filter calculate breakpoint frequency
First Order Active Filters based on an inverting op-amp circuit diagrams ... treble cut, treble boost, bass cut and bass boost calculate the breakpoint frequency calculate component values for a given breakpoint frequency
Audio power IC amplifiers (LM386, LM380, Etc) describe uses
Radio Communication carrier wave types of carriers Signals amplitude frequency encoding on the carrier
Amplitude Modulation waveforms depth of modulation Sidebands frequency spectrum (sine wave) frequency spectrum (range of frequencies) calculate bandwidth
Frequency Modulation waveforms calculate bandwidth
Frequency Bands AM AM is used on the LF and MF bands Channel allocation within LF and MF broadcasting FM FM is used for broadcasting in the 88 - 108 MHz VHF band relationship between channel spacing and signal bandwidth DAB DAB is used in the 217.5 MHz – 230 MHz VHF band channels are grouped in multiplexes on different frequencies DAB channels data rates
Radio Receivers Simple radio systems within a simple radio aerial tuned circuit detector/demodulator earphone
Antennas antenna impedance matching - MORE
Tuned Circuits voltage and current in a parallel LC circuit near resonance resonance curve for a parallel LC circuit LC network for tuning / selecting a particular frequency Q / quality factor and selectivity resonant frequency formula - calculate values for L and C
Sensitivity RF amplifier
Supersonic Heterodyne Receiver block diagram aerial RF amplifier local oscillator mixer and frequency spectrum IF amplifier and Filter demodulator AGC AF amplifier loudspeaker operation advantages and disadvantages compared with a a simple receiver
Digital communication Analogue and Digital compare analogue and digital communication
Digital Pulse Modulation pulse modulation techniques and subsystems pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) pulse width modulation (PWM) pulse position modulation (PPM) pulse code modulation (PCM)
Sampling sampling sampling rate sampling resolution bit rate calculations
Duplex half and full duplex
Serial and Parallel merits of serial and parallel data transmission
Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission merits of synchronous and asynchronous transmission start and stop bits parity bit calculate bit and baud rate packet switching serial / parallel conversions and shift registers shift register timing diagrams
Multiplexing multiplexer multiplexers for serial data transmission
2 to 1 and 4 to 1 multiplexers design describe logic diagrams truth tables Boolean algebra
Regenerator Schmitt trigger to regenerate a digital signal qualitatively
Mobile communication Mobile Phones connect using a radio link connect to a nearby base station (cell) share time slots (TDM) use one of multiple frequencies (FDM) calculate maximum number of mobile phones on one cell repeater regenerator cellular frequency reuse situations in which mobile com's can affect everyday life
Optelectronics Optical Fibres optical fibres construcion how they work total internal reflection attenuation dispersion radiation
Optical Transducers laser diode - source PIN
diodes - detectors |